BA (Hons) in Economics, University of New Delhi; MA and M.Phil in Economics, Oxford University. Served in the World Bank, Washington DC between 1968–79 as Chief, Income Distribution Division, Development Research Centre. Joined the Government of India in 1979 as Economic Adviser, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance; Subsequently served as Special Secretary to Prime Minister, Secretary for Commerce; Finance Secretary, Ministry of Finance. Was appointed Member, Planning Commission and Member, Economic Advisory Council to Prime Minister in 1998. Was appointed in 2001 as the first Director, Independent Evaluation Office, International Monetary Fund. Resigned from the IMF in 2004, to take up the position of Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission in the Government of India, a position he holds to date. Author of numerous publications and articles including: Reforming the Global Financial Architecture (2000). Co-Author, Re-distribution with Growth: An Approach to Policy (1975).