We propose a theoretical framework that generalises a model of Chiappori et al. (2002) to allow inter-temporal resource allocation and home production so as to examine the validity of a single distribution factor in collective household labor supply models. New testable implications of the exogeneity assumption on the intra-household allocations are derived from our model. Using data from Japan and Australia, we test those hypotheses to verify whether the local `sex ratio’ is a valid distribution factor. We find the testable implications are violated in Japan, suggesting the necessity of testing the validity of (potential) exogenous shifters for the intra-household bargaining weight.